Sostenibilidad en proyectos de cooperación al desarrollo
Descripcion de este documento
Autor 1* Helene Gallis, Autor 2** Joaquín Alonso, Autor 3*** Luís Rodrigues
Cátedra UNESCO de Sostenibilidad
Existe un amplio acuerdo internacional acerca de que la cooperación para el desarrollo humano se encuentra en una fase de transición. El uso del Marco Lógico como principal herramienta para gestionar el ciclo de proyectos dentro de las políticas establecidas por los programas de cooperación precisa una revisión. En el presente informe se propone un enfoque nuevo del cual surge una herramienta mejorada para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de estos proyectos. La herramienta presentada permite la integración activa y transparente de las condiciones críticas, tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas, capaces de afectar el sistema en análisis. Asegura así la viabilidad práctica de ésta para las agencias de cooperación. La formulación de los objetivos de la intervención deben cumplir con los imperativos del desarrollo sostenible; el equilibrio dinámico entre los sistemas naturales y sociales. A través de la metodología del “Backcasting”, según Holmberg y Jansen, con su marco temporal ampliado y el análisis iterativo de escenarios futuros, se logra retar las tendencias actuales. Permite integrar las hipótesis como factores críticos y de alta incertidumbre en la formulación de las actividades para alcanzar los objetivos establecidos. Además, con la propuesta de reforzar este enfoque, a partir de la inclusión de la herramienta “Matriz de Satisfactores y Necesidades” del economista chileno Max-Neef, elaborada en el ámbito del paradigma de Desarrollo a Escala Humana, se garantiza la sostenibilidad social y cultural de la comunidad a intervenir. El desarrollo de los objetivos según las necesidades reales tal como las perciben las poblaciones beneficiarias, fomenta y exige un aprendizaje ecológico, social, cultural y económico de todos los actores, tanto de las comunidades del norte como del sur. La herramienta presentada, al estar basada en un conjunto de principios de sostenibilidad equilibrado entre la ecología y la sociedad, permite alcanzar los objetivos establecidos. Consigue identificar las interacciones y propiedades de los sistemas ecológicos como sociales, y proporciona con su concepto dinámico nuevas plataformas para futuros cambios dentro del ámbito de la cooperación.
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